【编译】课堂上有效的笔记 Effective Note-Taking in Class
https://learningcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/effective-note-taking-in-class/
Do you sometimes struggle to determine what to write down during lectures? Have you ever found yourself wishing you could take better or more effective notes? Whether you are sitting in a lecture hall or watching a lecture online, note-taking in class can be intimidating, but with a few strategic practices, anyone can take clear, effective notes. This handout will discuss the importance of note-taking, qualities of good notes, and tips for becoming a better note-taker.
您是否有时会难以确定在讲座中写下什么？你有没有发现自己希望自己能做更好或更有效的笔记？无论您是坐在演讲厅还是在线观看讲座，在课堂上做笔记都可能令人生畏，但通过一些策略实践，任何人都可以做清晰、有效的笔记。这本讲义将讨论记笔记的重要性、好笔记的品质以及成为更好的笔记记录者的技巧。
Why good notes matter
为什么好的笔记很重要
In-class benefits 课堂优势
Taking good notes in class is an important part of academic success in college. Actively taking notes during class can help you focus and better understand main concepts. In many classes, you may be asked to watch an instructional video before a class discussion. Good note-taking will improve your active listening, comprehension of material, and retention. Taking notes on both synchronous and asynchronous material will help you better remember what you hear and see.
在课堂上记好笔记是大学学业成功的重要组成部分。在课堂上积极做笔记可以帮助您集中注意力并更好地理解主要概念。在许多课程中，您可能会被要求在课堂讨论之前观看教学视频。良好的笔记将提高您的积极倾听、对材料的理解和记忆力。在同步和异步材料上做笔记将帮助您更好地记住所听到和看到的内容。
Post-class benefits 课后福利
After class, good notes are crucial for reviewing and studying class material so that you better understand it and can prepare appropriately for exams. Efficient and concise notes can save you time, energy, and confusion that often results from trying to make sense of disorganized, overwhelming, insufficient, or wordy notes. When watching a video, taking good notes can save you from the hassle of pausing, rewinding, and rewatching large chunks of a lecture. Good notes can provide a great resource for creating outlines and studying.
课后，好的笔记对于复习和学习课堂材料至关重要，这样您就可以更好地理解它并适当地准备考试。高效简洁的笔记可以节省您的时间、精力和混乱，这通常是由于试图理解杂乱无章、压倒性的、不足的或冗长的笔记而导致的。观看视频时，记好笔记可以使您免于暂停、倒带和重新观看大段讲座的麻烦。好的笔记可以为创建大纲和学习提供很好的资源。
How to take good notes in class
如何在课堂上记好笔记
There’s a lot going on during class, so you may not be able to capture every main concept perfectly, and that’s okay. Part of good note-taking may include going back to your notes after class (ideally within a day or two) to check for clarity and fill in any missing pieces. In fact, doing so can help you better organize your thoughts and to determine what’s most important. With that in mind, it’s important to have good source material.
课堂上有很多事情要做，所以你可能无法完美地捕捉到每个主要概念，这没关系。做好笔记的一部分可能包括在课后（最好在一两天内）回到笔记中，以检查清晰度并填写任何缺失的部分。事实上，这样做可以帮助你更好地组织你的想法，并确定什么是最重要的。考虑到这一点，拥有良好的源材料很重要。
Preparing to take good notes in class
准备在课堂上做好笔记
The first step to taking good notes in class is to come to class prepared. Here are some steps you can take to improve your note-taking before class even begins:
在课堂上记好笔记的第一步是准备好上课。以下是您可以在上课前采取的一些步骤来改善您的笔记：
- Preview your text or reading assignments prior to lecture. Previewing allows you to identify main ideas and concepts that will most likely be discussed during the lecture.
在讲座前预览您的文本或阅读作业。预览允许您确定最有可能在讲座中讨论的主要思想和概念。 - Look at your course syllabus so that you know the topic/focus of the class and what’s going to be important to focus on.
查看您的课程大纲，以便您了解课程的主题/重点以及需要关注的重要内容。 - Briefly review notes from previous class sessions to help you situate the new ideas you’ll learn in this class.
简要回顾以前课堂的笔记，以帮助您定位您将在本课程中学到的新想法。 - Keep organized to help you find information more easily later. Title your page with the class name and date. Keep separate notebook sections or notebooks for each class and keep all notes for each class together in one space, in chronological order.
保持井井有条，以帮助您以后更轻松地查找信息。使用类名称和日期为页面添加标题。为每个班级保留单独的笔记本分区或笔记本，并按时间顺序将每个班级的所有笔记放在一个空间中。
Note-taking during class
课堂上做笔记
Now that you are prepared and organized, what can you do to take good notes while listening to a lecture in class? Here are some practical steps you can try to improve your in-class note-taking:
现在你已经准备好了，在课堂上听讲座时，你能做些什么来做好笔记？以下是您可以尝试改善课堂笔记的一些实际步骤：
- If you are seeking conceptual information, focus on the main points the professor makes, rather than copying down the entire presentation or every word the professor says. Remember, if you review your notes after class, you can always fill in any gaps or define words or concepts you didn’t catch in class.
如果您正在寻找概念信息，请专注于教授提出的要点，而不是抄录整个演示文稿或教授所说的每个字。请记住，如果您在课后复习笔记，您可以随时填写任何空白或定义您在课堂上没有抓住的单词或概念。 - If you are learning factual information, transcribing most of the lecture verbatim can help with recall for short-answer test questions, but only if you study these notes within 24 hours.
如果您正在学习事实信息，逐字转录大部分讲座有助于回忆简答题，但前提是您在 24 小时内学习这些笔记。 - Record questions and thoughts you have or content that is confusing to you that you want to follow-up on later or ask your professor about.
记录您遇到的问题和想法或让您感到困惑的内容，您希望稍后跟进或询问您的教授。 - Jot down keywords, dates, names, etc. that you can then go back and define or explain later.
记下关键字、日期、名称等。然后，您可以稍后返回并定义或解释。 - Take visually clear, concise, organized, and structured notes so that they are easy to read and make sense to you later. See different formats of notes below for ideas.
做视觉上清晰、简洁、有条理和结构化的笔记，以便它们易于阅读并在以后对您有意义。有关想法，请参阅下面不同格式的注释。 - If you want your notes to be concise and brief, use abbreviations and symbols. Write in bullets and phrases instead of complete sentences. This will help your mind and hand to stay fresh during class and will help you access things easier and quicker after class. It will also help you focus on the main concepts.
如果您希望笔记简洁明了，请使用缩写和符号。用项目符号和短语而不是完整的句子写。这将帮助您的大脑和手在课堂上保持新鲜感，并将帮助您在课后更轻松、更快速地访问内容。它还将帮助您专注于主要概念。 - Be consistent with your structure. Pick a format that works for you and stick with it so that your notes are structured the same way each day.
与您的结构保持一致。选择一种适合您的格式并坚持使用它，以便您的笔记每天以相同的方式构建。 - For online lectures, follow the above steps to help you effectively manage your study time. Once you’ve watched the lecture in its entirety, use the rewind feature to plug in any major gaps in your notes. Take notes of the timestamps of any parts of the lecture you want to revisit later.
对于在线讲座，请按照以下步骤帮助您有效地管理学习时间。完整观看讲座后，使用倒带功能插入笔记中的任何主要空白。记下您以后要重温的讲座任何部分的时间戳。
Determining what’s important enough to write down
确定哪些内容足够重要，需要写下来
You may be asking yourself how you can identify the main points of a lecture. Here are some tips for recognizing the most important points in a lecture:
您可能会问自己如何确定讲座的要点。以下是识别讲座中最重要的要点的一些提示：
- Introductory remarks often include summaries of overviews of main points.
介绍性发言通常包括对要点概述的摘要。 - Listen for signal words/phrases like, “There are four main…” or “To sum up…” or “A major reason why…”
聆听信号词/短语，例如“有四个主要...”或“总结...”或“一个主要原因...” - Repeated words or concepts are often important.
重复的单词或概念通常很重要。 - Non-verbal cues like pointing, gestures, or a vocal emphasis on certain words, etc. can indicate important points.
非语言提示，如指向、手势或对某些单词的语音强调等。可以指出要点。 - Final remarks often provide a summary of the important points of the lecture.
最后的发言通常提供讲座要点的总结。 - Consider watching online lectures in real time. Watching the lecture for the first time without pausing or rewinding can help force you to focus on what’s important enough to write down.
考虑实时观看在线讲座。第一次观看讲座而不暂停或倒带可以帮助您专注于足够重要的事情，以便写下来。
Different formats for notes
笔记的不同格式
There is no right format to use when taking notes. Rather, there are many different structures and styles that can be used. What’s important is that you find a method that works for you and encourages the use of good note-taking qualities and stick with it. Here are a few types of formats that you may want to experiment with:
做笔记时没有正确的格式。相反，可以使用许多不同的结构和样式。重要的是，你要找到一种适合你的方法，并鼓励使用良好的笔记品质并坚持下去。以下是您可能想要尝试的几种格式类型：
1. Cornell Notes: This style includes sections for the date, essential question, topic, notes, questions, and a summary. Check out this link for more explanation.
1. 康奈尔笔记：这种风格包括日期、基本问题、主题、笔记、问题和摘要的部分。查看此链接以获取更多说明。
2. Outline: An outline organizes the lecture by main points, allowing room for examples and details.
2.大纲：大纲按要点组织讲座，为示例和细节留出空间。
3. Flowchart/concept map: A visual representation of notes is good for content that has an order or steps involved. See more about concept mapping here.
3. 流程图/概念图：笔记的可视化表示适用于涉及顺序或步骤的内容。在此处查看有关概念图的更多信息。
4. Charting Method: A way to organize notes from lectures with a substantial amount of facts through dividing key topics into columns and recording facts underneath.
4. 图表方法：一种通过将关键主题划分为列并在下面记录事实来组织具有大量事实的讲座笔记的方法。
5. Sentence Method: One of the simplest forms of note taking, helpful for disseminating which information from a lecture is important by quickly covering details and information.
5.句子法：最简单的笔记形式之一，通过快速涵盖细节和信息，有助于传播讲座中的哪些信息是重要的。
Consider…what’s the best strategy for you: handwritten, digital, or both?
考虑。。。最适合您的策略是什么：手写、数字或两者兼而有之？
Taking notes in a way to fully understand all information presented conceptually and factually may differ between students. For instance, working memory, or the ability to process and manipulate information in-the-moment, is often involved in transcribing lecture notes, which is best done digitally; but there are individual differences in working memory processes that may affect which method works best for you. Research suggests that handwriting notes can help us learn and remember conceptual items better than digital notes. However, there are some pros to typing notes on a computer as well, including speed and storage. Consider these differences before deciding what is best for you.
以充分理解概念和事实中呈现的所有信息的方式做笔记可能会因学生而异。例如，工作记忆或即时处理和操作信息的能力通常涉及转录讲义，最好以数字方式完成;但是工作记忆过程中存在个体差异，可能会影响哪种方法最适合您。研究表明，手写笔记比数字笔记更能帮助我们学习和记忆概念性项目。但是，在计算机上键入笔记也有一些优点，包括速度和存储。在决定什么最适合您之前，请考虑这些差异。
| Handwritten 手写 | Digital 数字 |
| Easier to create diagrams and illustrations 更容易创建图表和插图 | Faster; easier to take higher volume of notes 更快;更容易记下更多音量的笔记 |
| Sometimes better for visual learners 有时对视觉学习者更好 | Easier to edit and reorganize for later studying 更易于编辑和重新组织以供以后学习 |
| Provides more focus for students prone to digital distraction 为容易分心的学生提供更多关注 | Can be backed up, shared, searched, etc. 可以备份，共享，搜索等。 |
| Can be better for comprehension and retention of conceptual information 可以更好地理解和保留概念信息 | Can be better for comprehension and retention of factual information 可以更好地理解和保留事实信息 |
Follow up after class
课后跟进
Part of good note-taking includes revisiting your notes a day or so after class. During this time, check for clarity, fill in definitions of key terms, organize, and figure out any concepts you may have missed or not fully understood in class. Figure out what may be missing and what you may need to add or even ask about. If your lecture is recorded, you may be able to take advantage of the captions to review.
做好笔记的一部分包括在课后一天左右重温笔记。在此期间，检查清晰度，填写关键术语的定义，组织并找出您在课堂上可能遗漏或未完全理解的任何概念。找出可能缺少的内容以及您可能需要添加甚至询问的内容。如果您的讲座已录制，您可以利用字幕进行复习。
Many times, even after taking good notes, you will need to utilize other resources in order to review, solidify, question, and follow-up with the class. Don’t forget to use the resources available to you, which can only enhance your note-taking. These resources include:
很多时候，即使在做了很好的笔记之后，你也需要利用其他资源来复习、巩固、质疑和跟进课堂。不要忘记使用可用的资源，这只会增强您的笔记能力。这些资源包括：
- Office Hours: Make an appointment with your professor or TA to ask questions about concepts in class that confused you.
办公时间：与您的教授或助教预约，询问有关课堂上让您感到困惑的概念的问题。 - Academic Coaching: Make an appointment with an Academic Coach at the Learning Center to discuss your note-taking one-on-one, brainstorm other strategies, and discuss how to use your notes to study better.
学术辅导：与学习中心的学术教练预约，一对一讨论你的笔记，集思广益其他策略，并讨论如何使用你的笔记来更好地学习。 - Learning Center resources: The Learning Center has many other handouts about related topics, like studying and making the most of lectures. Check out some of these handouts and videos to get ideas to improve other areas of your academics.
学习中心资源：学习中心还有许多其他关于相关主题的讲义，例如学习和充分利用讲座。查看其中一些讲义和视频，以获得改善学术其他领域的想法。 - Reviewing your notes: Write a summary of your notes in your own words, write questions about your notes, fill in areas, or chunk them into categories or sections.
查看笔记：用您自己的语言写笔记摘要，写下有关笔记的问题，填写区域或将它们分成类别或部分。 - Self-testing: Use your notes to make a study guide and self-test to prepare for exams.
自我测试：使用笔记制作学习指南和自我测试以准备考试。
Works consulted 咨询作品
“The Pen is Mightier Than the Keyboard: Advantages of Longhand Over Laptop Note Taking.” Mueller, P., and Oppenheimer, D. Psychological Science 25(6), April 2014.
“笔比键盘更强大：手写与笔记本电脑笔记的优势。”穆勒，P.和奥本海默，D.心理科学25（6），2014年4月。
“Note-taking With Computers: Exploring Alternative Strategies for Improved Recall.” Bui, D.C., Myerson, J., and Hale, S. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(299-309), 2013.
“用计算机记笔记：探索改善召回的替代策略。”Bui， D.C.， Myerson， J.， and Hale， S. Journal of Educational Psychology， 105（299-309）， 2013.
“How To Take Study Notes: 5 Effective Note Taking Methods.” Oxford Learning. Retrieved from https://www.oxfordlearning.com/5-effective-note-taking-methods/
“如何做学习笔记：5种有效的笔记方法。”牛津学习。检索自 https://www.oxfordlearning.com/5-effective-note-taking-methods/
“Preparing for Taking Notes.” The Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved from http://tutorials.istudy.psu.edu/notetaking/notetaking2.html
“准备做笔记。”宾夕法尼亚州立大学。从 http://tutorials.istudy.psu.edu/notetaking/notetaking2.html 检索
“Listening Note Taking Strategies.” UNSW Sydney. Retrieved from https://student.unsw.edu.au/note-taking-skills
“听笔记策略。”悉尼新南威尔士大学。检索自 https://student.unsw.edu.au/note-taking-skills
“Note Taking and In-Class Skills.” Virginia Tech University. Retrieved from https://www.ucc.vt.edu/academic_support/study_skills_information/note_taking_and_in-class_skills.html
“记笔记和课堂技巧。”弗吉尼亚理工大学。检索自 https://www.ucc.vt.edu/academic_support/study_skills_information/note_taking_and_in-class_skills.html
“Lecture Note Taking.” College of Saint Benedict, Saint John’s University. Retrieved from https://www.csbsju.edu/academic-advising/study-skills-guide/lecture-note-taking
“记笔记。”圣约翰大学圣本尼迪克特学院。检索自 https://www.csbsju.edu/academic-advising/study-skills-guide/lecture-note-taking
“Note Taking 101.” Oregon State University. Retrieved from http://success.oregonstate.edu/learning/note-taking-tips
“注意101。”俄勒冈州立大学。从 http://success.oregonstate.edu/learning/note-taking-tips 检索
“Note Taking. Why Should I Take Notes in Class?” Willamette University. Retrieved from http://willamette.edu/offices/lcenter/resources/study_strategies/notes.html
“记笔记。我为什么要在课堂上做笔记？威拉米特大学。从 http://willamette.edu/offices/lcenter/resources/study_strategies/notes.html 检索