第三大脑

https://openstax.org/books/college-success/pages/5-3-taking-notes

Estimated completion time: 21 minutes. 预计完成时间：21 分钟。

Questions to Consider: 需要考虑的问题：

• How can you prepare to take notes to maximize the effectiveness of the experience?
  您如何准备做笔记以最大限度地提高体验的有效性？
• What are some specific strategies you can employ for better note-taking?
  您可以采用哪些具体策略来更好地记笔记？
• Why is annotating your notes after the note-taking session a critical step to follow?
  为什么在笔记会议后注释笔记是关键步骤？

Beyond providing a record of the information you are reading or hearing, notes help you organize the ideas and help you make meaning out of something about which you may not be familiar, so note-taking and reading are two compatible skill sets. Taking notes also helps you stay focused on the question at hand. Nanami often takes notes during presentations or class lectures so she can follow the speaker’s main points and condense the material into a more readily usable format. Strong notes build on your prior knowledge of a subject, help you discuss trends or patterns present in the information, and direct you toward areas needing further research or reading.
除了提供您正在阅读或听到的信息的记录外，笔记还可以帮助您组织想法并帮助您从您可能不熟悉的东西中获取意义，因此记笔记和阅读是两种兼容的技能。做笔记还可以帮助您专注于手头的问题。Nanami经常在演讲或课堂讲座中做笔记，这样她就可以遵循演讲者的要点，并将材料浓缩成更容易使用的格式。强有力的笔记建立在你对某个主题的先验知识之上，帮助你讨论信息中存在的趋势或模式，并引导你进入需要进一步研究或阅读的领域。

Figure 5.9 Strong notes build on your prior knowledge of a subject, help you discuss trends or patterns present in the information, and direct you toward areas needing further research or reading.
图5.9 强有力的笔记建立在你对某个主题的先验知识之上，帮助你讨论信息中存在的趋势或模式，并引导你进入需要进一步研究或阅读的领域。

It is not a good habit to transcribe every single word a speaker utters—even if you have an amazing ability to do that. Most of us don’t have that court-reporter-esque skill level anyway, and if we try, we would end up missing valuable information. Learn to listen for main ideas and distinguish between these main ideas and details that typically support the ideas. Include examples that explain the main ideas, but do so using understandable abbreviations.
转录说话者说的每一个字不是一个好习惯——即使你有惊人的能力做到这一点。无论如何，我们大多数人都没有那种法庭记者式的技能水平，如果我们尝试，我们最终会错过有价值的信息。学会倾听主要思想，并区分这些主要思想和通常支持这些想法的细节。包括解释主要思想的示例，但使用可理解的缩写。

Think of all notes as potential study guides. In fact, if you only take notes without actively working on them after the initial note-taking session, the likelihood of the notes helping you is slim. Research on this topic concludes that without active engagement after taking notes, most students forget 60–75 percent of material over which they took the notes—within two days! That sort of defeats the purpose, don’t you think? This information about memory loss was first brought to light by 19th-century German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus. Fortunately, you do have the power to thwart what is sometimes called the Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve by reinforcing what you learned through review at intervals shortly after you take in the material and frequently thereafter.
将所有笔记视为潜在的学习指南。事实上，如果你只做笔记，而不在最初的笔记会议后积极做笔记，那么笔记帮助你的可能性很小。关于这个主题的研究得出的结论是，在做笔记后没有积极参与，大多数学生会在两天内忘记 60-75% 的笔记材料！这违背了目的，你不觉得吗？这种关于记忆丧失的信息最早是由19世纪的德国心理学家赫尔曼·艾宾浩斯（Hermann Ebbinghaus）发现的。幸运的是，你确实有能力阻止有时被称为艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线的东西，在你接受材料后不久和之后经常加强你通过复习所学到的东西。

If you are a musician, you’ll understand this phenomenon well. When you first attempt a difficult piece of music, you may not remember the chords and notes well at all, but after frequent practice and review, you generate a certain muscle memory and cognitive recall that allows you to play the music more easily.
如果你是一个音乐家，你会很好地理解这种现象。当你第一次尝试一首高难度的音乐时，你可能根本记不清和弦和音符，但经过频繁的练习和复习，你会产生一定的肌肉记忆和认知回忆，让你更容易地演奏音乐。

Note-taking may not be the most glamorous aspect of your higher-education journey, but it is a study practice you will carry throughout college and into your professional life. Setting yourself up for successful note-taking is almost as important as the actual taking of notes, and what you do after your note-taking session is equally significant. Well-written notes help you organize your thoughts, enhance your memory, and participate in class discussion, and they prepare you to respond successfully on exams. With all that riding on your notes, it would behoove you to learn how to take notes properly and continue to improve your note-taking skills.
记笔记可能不是你高等教育之旅中最迷人的方面，但这是一种学习实践，你将在整个大学和你的职业生涯中携带。为自己的成功记笔记做好准备几乎与实际记笔记一样重要，你在记笔记后做什么同样重要。写得好的笔记可以帮助您组织思想，增强记忆力并参与课堂讨论，并为您在考试中成功回答做好准备。有了所有这些笔记，你有必要学习如何正确地做笔记并继续提高你的笔记技巧。

Analysis Question

Do you currently have a preferred way to take notes? When did you start using it? Has it been effective? What other strategy might work for you?
您目前有首选的笔记方式吗？您是什么时候开始使用它的？它有效吗？还有什么其他策略可能对您有用？

Preparing to Take Notes

准备做笔记

Preparing to take notes means more than just getting out your laptop or making sure you bring pen and paper to class. You’ll do a much better job with your notes if you understand why we take notes, have a strong grasp on your preferred note-taking system, determine your specific priorities depending on your situation, and engage in some version of efficient shorthand.
准备做笔记不仅仅意味着拿出笔记本电脑或确保带笔和纸上课。如果您了解我们为什么做笔记，掌握您喜欢的笔记系统，根据您的情况确定您的具体优先级，并使用某种版本的高效速记，那么您的笔记就会做得更好。

Like handwriting and fingerprints, we all have unique and fiercely independent note-taking habits. These understandably and reasonably vary from one situation to the next, but you can only improve your skills by learning more about ways to take effective notes and trying different methods to find a good fit.
就像笔迹和指纹一样，我们都有独特而独立的笔记习惯。这些可以理解且合理地因情况而异，但您只能通过更多地了解有效笔记的方法并尝试不同的方法来找到合适的人选来提高您的技能。

The very best notes are the ones you take in an organized manner that encourages frequent review and use as you progress through a topic or course of study. For this reason, you need to develop a way to organize all your notes for each class so they remain together and organized. As old-fashioned as it sounds, a clunky three-ring binder is an excellent organizational container for class notes. You can easily add to previous notes, insert handouts you may receive in class, and maintain a running collection of materials for each separate course. If the idea of carrying around a heavy binder has you rolling your eyes, then transfer that same structure into your computer files. If you don’t organize your many documents into some semblance of order on your computer, you will waste significant time searching for improperly named or saved files.
最好的笔记是你以有组织的方式做的笔记，鼓励你在学习主题或课程的过程中经常复习和使用。出于这个原因，您需要开发一种方法来组织每个类的所有笔记，以便它们保持在一起并井井有条。听起来很老式，笨重的三环活页夹是课堂笔记的绝佳组织容器。您可以轻松地添加到以前的笔记中，插入您可能在课堂上收到的讲义，并为每个单独的课程维护一个连续的材料集合。如果随身携带沉重活页夹的想法让您翻白眼，请将相同的结构转移到您的计算机文件中。如果您没有在计算机上将许多文档组织成某种顺序，您将浪费大量时间搜索名称不正确或保存的文件。

You may be interested in relatively new research on what is the more effective note-taking strategy: handwriting versus typing directly into a computer. While individuals have strong personal opinions on this subject, most researchers agree that the format of student notes is less important than what students do with the notes they take afterwards. Both handwriting notes and using a computer for note-taking have pros and cons.
您可能对相对较新的研究感兴趣，研究什么是更有效的笔记策略：手写与直接在计算机中打字。虽然个人对这个问题有强烈的个人观点，但大多数研究人员都认为，学生笔记的格式不如学生如何处理他们之后的笔记重要。手写笔记和使用计算机做笔记都有优点和缺点。

Figure 5.10 The best notes are the ones you take in an organized manner. Frequent review and further annotation are important to build a deep and useful understanding of the material. (Credit: English106 / Flickr / Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC-BY 2.0))
图 5.10 最好的笔记是你以有组织的方式做的笔记。经常复习和进一步注释对于建立对材料的深入和有用的理解非常重要。（圖片來源：English106 / Flickr / Attribution 2.0 Generic （CC-BY 2.0））

Managing Note-Taking Systems (Computer, Paper/Pen, Note Cards, Textbook)

管理笔记系统（计算机、纸/笔、笔记卡、教科书）

Whichever of the many note-taking systems you choose (and new ones seem to come out almost daily), the very best one is the one that you will use consistently. The skill and art of note-taking is not automatic for anyone; it takes a great deal of practice, patience, and continuous attention to detail. Add to that the fact that you may need to master multiple note-taking techniques for different classes, and you have some work to do. Unless you are specifically directed by your instructor, you are free to combine the best parts of different systems if you are most comfortable with that hybrid system.
无论您选择许多笔记系统中的哪一种（而且几乎每天都有新的系统出现），最好的系统都是您将始终如一使用的系统。记笔记的技巧和艺术对任何人都不是自动的;这需要大量的练习、耐心和对细节的持续关注。除此之外，您可能需要掌握不同课程的多种笔记技巧，并且您有一些工作要做。除非您的教练特别指导，否则如果您对该混合系统最满意，您可以自由组合不同系统的最佳部分。

Just to keep yourself organized, all your notes should start off with an identifier, including at the very least the date, the course name, the topic of the lecture/presentation, and any other information you think will help you when you return to use the notes for further study, test preparation, or assignment completion. Additional, optional information may be the number of note-taking sessions about this topic or reminders to cross-reference class handouts, textbook pages, or other course materials. It’s also always a good idea to leave some blank space in your notes so you can insert additions and questions you may have as you review the material later.
为了让自己井井有条，您的所有笔记都应该以标识符开头，至少包括日期、课程名称、讲座/演示的主题，以及您认为在您返回使用这些笔记进行进一步学习、考试准备或完成作业时对您有帮助的任何其他信息。其他可选信息可能是有关此主题的笔记会话次数或交叉引用课堂讲义、教科书页面或其他课程材料的提醒。在笔记中留出一些空白处也是一个好主意，这样您就可以在以后查看材料时插入您可能遇到的补充和问题。

Note-Taking Strategies 记笔记策略

You may have a standard way you take all your notes for all your classes. When you were in high school, this one-size-fits-all approach may have worked. Now that you’re in college, reading and studying more advanced topics, your general method may still work some of the time, but you should have some different strategies in place if you find that your method isn’t working as well with college content. You probably will need to adopt different note-taking strategies for different subjects. The strategies in this section represent various ways to take notes in such a way that you are able to study after the initial note-taking session.
您可能有一种标准的方式来记录所有课程的所有笔记。当你在高中时，这种一刀切的方法可能奏效了。现在你上大学了，阅读和学习更高级的主题，你的一般方法可能在某些时候仍然有效，但如果你发现你的方法不适用于大学内容，你应该有一些不同的策略。您可能需要针对不同的主题采用不同的笔记策略。本节中的策略代表了各种记笔记的方法，以便您可以在最初的笔记会话后学习。

Cornell Method 康奈尔法

One of the most recognizable note-taking systems is called the Cornell Method, a relatively simple way to take effective notes devised by Cornell University education professor Dr. Walter Pauk in the 1940s. In this system, you take a standard piece of note paper and divide it into three sections by drawing a horizontal line across your paper about one to two inches from the bottom of the page (the summary area) and then drawing a vertical line to separate the rest of the page above this bottom area, making the left side about two inches (the recall column) and leaving the biggest area to the right of your vertical line (the notes column). You may want to make one page and then copy as many pages as you think you’ll need for any particular class, but one advantage of this system is that you can generate the sections quickly. Because you have divided up your page, you may end up using more paper than you would if you were writing on the entire page, but the point is not to keep your notes to as few pages as possible. The Cornell Method provides you with a well-organized set of notes that will help you study and review your notes as you move through the course. If you are taking notes on your computer, you can still use the Cornell Method in Word or Excel on your own or by using a template someone else created.
最知名的笔记系统之一被称为康奈尔方法，这是一种相对简单的有效笔记方法，由康奈尔大学教育教授沃尔特·鲍克博士在 1940 年代设计。在这个系统中，你拿一张标准的便笺纸，把它分成三个部分，方法是在纸上画一条水平线，距离页面底部大约一到两英寸，然后画一条垂直线来分隔这个底部区域上方的页面的其余部分， 将左侧设为大约两英寸（召回率列），并将最大的区域留在垂直线的右侧（备注列）。您可能希望制作一个页面，然后复制您认为任何特定类所需的任意数量的页面，但该系统的一个优点是您可以快速生成部分。因为您已经划分了页面，所以您最终可能会使用比在整个页面上书写更多的纸张，但重点不是将笔记保持在尽可能少的页面。康奈尔方法为您提供了一组组织良好的笔记，可帮助您在完成课程时学习和复习笔记。如果您在计算机上做笔记，您仍然可以自己或使用其他人创建的模板在 Word 或 Excel 中使用康奈尔方法。

Figure 5.11 The Cornell Method provides a straightforward, organized, and flexible approach
图 5.11 康奈尔方法提供了一种简单、有条理且灵活的方法

Now that you have the note-taking format generated, the beauty of the Cornell Method is its organized simplicity. Just write on one side of the page (the right-hand notes column)—this will help later when you are reviewing and revising your notes. During your note-taking session, use the notes column to record information over the main points and concepts of the lecture; try to put the ideas into your own words, which will help you not transcribe the speaker’s words verbatim. Skip lines between each idea in this column. Practice the shortcut abbreviations covered in the next section and avoid writing in complete sentences. Don’t make your notes too cryptic, but you can use bullet points or phrases equally well to convey meaning—we do it all the time in conversation. If you know you will need to expand the notes you are taking in class but don’t have time, you can put reminders directly in the notes by adding and underlining the word expand by the ideas you need to develop more fully.
现在您已经生成了笔记格式，康奈尔方法的美妙之处在于其有组织的简单性。只需在页面的一侧（右侧注释列）书写 - 这将在您以后查看和修改笔记时有所帮助。在笔记过程中，使用笔记栏记录讲座要点和概念的信息;尝试用你自己的话来表达这些想法，这将有助于你不要逐字转录说话者的话。跳过本专栏中每个想法之间的行。练习下一节中介绍的快捷缩写，避免用完整的句子书写。不要让你的笔记太神秘，但你可以同样很好地使用项目符号或短语来传达含义——我们在谈话中一直在这样做。如果您知道您需要扩展您在课堂上所做的笔记但没有时间，您可以通过添加和下划线来直接在笔记中添加提醒，方法是通过您需要更充分发展的想法添加和下划线。

As soon as possible after your note-taking session, preferably within eight hours but no more than twenty-four hours, read over your notes column and fill in any details you missed in class, including the places where you indicated you wanted to expand your notes. Then in the recall column, write any key ideas from the corresponding notes column—you can’t stuff this smaller recall column as if you’re explaining or defining key ideas. Just add the one- or two-word main ideas; these words in the recall column serve as cues to help you remember the detailed information you recorded in the notes column.

Once you are satisfied with your notes and recall columns, summarize this page of notes in two or three sentences using the summary area at the bottom of the sheet. This is an excellent time to get with another classmate or a group of students who all heard the same lecture to make sure you all understood the key points. Now, before you move onto something else, cover the large notes column, and quiz yourself over the key ideas you recorded in the recall column. Repeat this step often as you go along, not just immediately before an exam, and you will help your memory make the connections between your notes, your textbook reading, your in-class work, and assignments that you need to succeed on any quizzes and exams.
一旦您对笔记和回忆列感到满意，请使用工作表底部的摘要区域用两到三句话总结这一页笔记。这是与另一位同学或一群听过同一讲座的学生一起学习的绝佳时机，以确保你们都理解关键点。现在，在您继续其他内容之前，请覆盖大笔记列，并就您在回忆列中记录的关键想法进行测验。在考试过程中经常重复此步骤，而不仅仅是在考试前，您将帮助您的记忆在您的笔记、教科书阅读、课堂作业和作业之间建立联系，您需要在任何测验和考试中取得成功。

Figure 5.12 This sample set of notes in the Cornell Method is designed to make sense of a large amount of information. The process of organizing the notes can help you retain the information more effectively than less consistent methods.
图 5.12 康奈尔方法中的这组示例注释旨在理解大量信息。与一致性较差的方法相比，组织笔记的过程可以帮助您更有效地保留信息。

The main advantage of the Cornell Method is that you are setting yourself up to have organized, workable notes. The neat format helps you move into study-mode without needing to re-copy less organized notes or making sense of a large mass of information you aren’t sure how to process because you can’t remember key ideas or what you meant. If you write notes in your classes without any sort of system and later come across something like “Napoleon—short” in the middle of a glob of notes, what can you do at this point? Is that important? Did it connect with something relevant from the lecture? How would you possibly know? You are your best advocate for setting yourself up for success in college.
康奈尔方法的主要优点是，您可以设置自己有条理的，可行的笔记。简洁的格式可帮助您进入学习模式，而无需重新复制组织较少的笔记或理解您不确定如何处理的大量信息，因为您不记得关键思想或您的意思。如果你在没有任何系统的情况下在课堂上写笔记，后来在一堆笔记中间遇到“拿破仑——短”这样的东西，此时你能做什么？这重要吗？它是否与讲座中的相关内容有关？你怎么可能知道？您是让自己在大学取得成功的最佳倡导者。

Outlining

Other note organizing systems may help you in different disciplines. You can take notes in a formal outline if you prefer, using Roman numerals for each new topic, moving down a line to capital letters indented a few spaces to the right for concepts related to the previous topic, then adding details to support the concepts indented a few more spaces over and denoted by an Arabic numeral. You can continue to add to a formal outline by following these rules.

You don’t absolutely have to use the formal numerals and letter, but you have to then be careful to indent so you can tell when you move from a higher level topic to the related concepts and then to the supporting information. The main benefit of an outline is how organized it is. You have to be on your toes when you are taking notes in class to ensure you keep up the organizational format of the outline, which can be tricky if the lecture or presentation is moving quickly or covering many diverse topics.

The following formal outline example shows the basic pattern:

1. Dogs (main topic–usually general)

   1. German Shepherd (concept related to main topic)
      1. Protection (supporting info about the concept)
      2. Assertive
      3. Loyal
   2. Weimaraner (concept related to main topic)
      1. Family-friendly (supporting info about the concept)
      2. Active
      3. Healthy

2. Cats (main topic)

   Siamese

You would just continue on with this sort of numbering and indenting format to show the connections between main ideas, concepts, and supporting details. Whatever details you do not capture in your note-taking session, you can add after the lecture as you review your outline.

Chart or table

Similar to creating an outline, you can develop a chart to compare and contrast main ideas in a note-taking session. Divide your paper into four or five columns with headings that include either the main topics covered in the lecture or categories such as How?, What?, When used?, Advantages/Pros, Disadvantages/Cons, or other divisions of the information. You write your notes into the appropriate columns as that information comes to light in the presentation.

Example of a Chart to Organize Ideas and Categories

	Structure	Types	Functions in Body	Additional Notes
Carbohydrates
Lipids 血脂
Proteins 蛋白质
Nucleic Acid 核酸

This format helps you pull out the salient ideas and establishes an organized set of notes to study later. (If you haven’t noticed that this reviewing later idea is a constant across all note-taking systems, you should…take note of that.) Notes by themselves that you never reference again are little more than scribblings. That would be a bit like compiling an extensive grocery list so you stay on budget when you shop, work all week on it, and then just throw it away before you get to the store. You may be able to recall a few items, but likely won’t be as efficient as you could be if you had the notes to reference. Just as you cannot read all the many books, articles, and documents you need to peruse for your college classes, you cannot remember the most important ideas of all the notes you will take as part of your courses, so you must review.
这种格式可以帮助您提取突出的想法，并建立一组有组织的笔记以供以后学习。（如果你没有注意到这个复习后的想法在所有笔记系统中都是不变的，你应该......请注意这一点。你再也不会引用的笔记本身只不过是涂鸦。这有点像编制一份广泛的购物清单，这样你就在购物时保持预算，整周都在工作，然后在你去商店之前把它扔掉。您也许能够回忆起一些项目，但如果您有要参考的注释，则可能不会像您那样高效。就像你无法阅读大学课程需要阅读的所有书籍、文章和文件一样，你也无法记住你将作为课程一部分的所有笔记中最重要的想法，所以你必须复习。

Concept Mapping and Visual Note-Taking

概念图和视觉笔记

One final note-taking method that appeals to learners who prefer a visual representation of notes is called mapping or sometimes mind mapping or concept mapping, although each of these names can have slightly different uses. Variations of this method abound, so you may want to look for more versions online, but the basic principles are that you are making connections between main ideas through a graphic depiction; some can get rather elaborate with colors and shapes, but a simple version may be more useful at least to begin. Main ideas can be circled or placed in a box with supporting concepts radiating off these ideas shown with a connecting line and possibly details of the support further radiating off the concepts. You can present your main ideas vertically or horizontally, but turning your paper long-ways, or in landscape mode, may prove helpful as you add more main ideas.
最后一种吸引喜欢可视化笔记表示的学习者的笔记方法称为映射，有时也称为思维导图或概念映射，尽管这些名称中的每一个都有略有不同的用途。这种方法的变化比比皆是，因此您可能想在线查找更多版本，但基本原则是，您通过图形描述在主要思想之间建立联系;有些可以对颜色和形状进行相当复杂的设计，但至少在开始时，一个简单的版本可能更有用。主要思想可以圈出或放在一个盒子里，支持概念辐射这些想法，用连接线显示，可能支持的细节进一步辐射概念。您可以垂直或水平展示您的主要想法，但是当您添加更多主要想法时，将论文横向或横向模式可能会有所帮助。

Figure 5.13 Concept mapping, sometimes referred to as mind mapping, can be an effective and very personalized approach to capturing information. (Credit: ArtistIvanChew / Flickr / Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC-BY 2.0))
图 5.13 概念图，有时也称为思维导图，可以是一种有效且非常个性化的信息捕获方法。（圖片來源：ArtistIvanChew / Flickr / Attribution 2.0 Generic （CC-BY 2.0））

You may be interested in trying visual note-taking or adding pictures to your notes for clarity. Sometimes when you can’t come up with the exact wording to explain something or you’re trying to add information for complex ideas in your notes, sketching a rough image of the idea can help you remember. According to educator Sherrill Knezel in an article entitled “The Power of Visual Note-taking,” this strategy is effective because “When students use images and text in note-taking, it gives them two different ways to pull up the information, doubling their chances of recall.” Don’t shy away from this creative approach to note-taking just because you believe you aren’t an artist; the images don’t need to be perfect. You may want to watch Rachel Smith’s TEDx Talk called “Drawing in Class” to learn more about visual note-taking.
您可能有兴趣尝试视觉笔记或在笔记中添加图片以使其清晰。有时，当您无法想出确切的措辞来解释某事，或者您试图在笔记中为复杂想法添加信息时，勾勒出想法的粗略图像可以帮助您记住。根据教育家Sherrill Knezel在一篇题为“视觉笔记的力量”的文章中的说法，这种策略是有效的，因为“当学生在笔记中使用图像和文本时，它给了他们两种不同的方法来提取信息，使他们回忆的机会增加了一倍。不要仅仅因为你认为自己不是艺术家而回避这种创造性的笔记方法;图像不需要完美。你可能想观看Rachel Smith的TEDx演讲，名为“课堂绘画”，以了解有关视觉笔记的更多信息。

You can play with different types of note-taking suggestions and find the method(s) you like best, but once you find what works for you, stick with it. You will become more efficient with the method the more you use it, and your note-taking, review, and test prep will become, if not easier, certainly more organized, which can decrease your anxiety.
你可以玩不同类型的笔记建议，找到你最喜欢的方法，但是一旦你找到适合你的方法，就坚持下去。你使用它的次数越多，你的方法就会变得更有效率，你的笔记、复习和考试准备也会变得，如果不是更容易的话，肯定更有条理，这可以减少你的焦虑。

Practicing Decipherable Shorthand

练习可破译速记

Most college students don’t take a class in shorthand, once the domain of secretaries and executive assistants, but maybe they should. That almost-lost art in the age of computers could come in very handy during intense note-taking sessions. Elaborate shorthand systems do exist, but you would be better served in your college note-taking adventures to hone a more familiar, personalized form of shorthand to help you write more in a shorter amount of time. Seemingly insignificant shortcuts can add up to ease the stress note-taking can induce—especially if you ever encounter an “I’m not going to repeat this” kind of presenter! Become familiar with these useful abbreviations:
大多数大学生不会以速记方式上课，这曾经是秘书和行政助理的领域，但也许他们应该这样做。在计算机时代，这种几乎失传的艺术在紧张的笔记过程中可能会派上用场。精心设计的速记系统确实存在，但你最好在大学笔记冒险中磨练一种更熟悉、个性化的速记形式，帮助你在更短的时间内写出更多的东西。看似微不足道的捷径可以加起来缓解笔记可能引起的压力——特别是如果你遇到“我不会重复这个”类型的演示者！熟悉这些有用的缩写：

Shortcut symbol	Meaning
w/, w/o, w/in	with, without, within
&	and
#	number
b/c	because 因为
X, √ X， √	incorrect, correct 不正确，正确
Diff 差异	different, difference 不同，不同
etc.	and so on 等等
ASAP 尽快	as soon as possible 尽快
US, UK 美国、英国	United States, United Kingdom
美国， 英国
info 信息	information 信息
Measurements: ft, in, k, m
测量：英尺、英寸、k、米	foot, inch, thousand, million
英尺，英寸，千，百万
¶	paragraph or new paragraph
段落或新段落
Math symbols: =, +, >, <, ÷
数学符号：=、+、>、<、÷	equal, plus, greater, less, divided by
等于、加、更大、更少、除以
WWI, WWII 第一次世界大战，第二次世界大战	World Wars I and II
第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战
impt IMPT	important 重要
?, !, ** ?, !, **	denote something is very significant; don't over use
表示某事非常重要;不要过度使用

Do you have any other shortcuts or symbols that you use in your notes? Ask your parents if they remember any that you may be able to learn.
您在笔记中使用任何其他快捷方式或符号吗？问问你的父母是否记得你可能学到的任何内容。

Annotating Notes After Initial Note-Taking Session

在首次记笔记后注释笔记

Annotating notes after the initial note-taking session may be one of the most valuable study skills you can master. Whether you are highlighting, underlining, or adding additional notes, you are reinforcing the material in your mind and memory.
在最初的笔记课程后注释笔记可能是您可以掌握的最有价值的学习技能之一。无论您是突出显示、下划线还是添加其他注释，您都在强化您脑海和记忆中的材料。

Admit it—who can resist highlighting markers? Gone are the days when yellow was the star of the show, and you had to be very careful not to press too firmly for fear of obliterating the words you were attempting to emphasize. Students now have a veritable rainbow of highlighting options and can color-code notes and text passages to their hearts’ content. Technological advances may be important, but highlighter color choice is monumental! Maybe.
承认吧——谁能抗拒突出显示标记？黄色是节目明星的日子已经一去不复返了，你必须非常小心，不要用力过猛，以免抹去你试图强调的单词。学生现在拥有名副其实的彩虹般的突出显示选项，并且可以根据自己的喜好对笔记和文本段落进行颜色编码。技术进步可能很重要，但荧光笔颜色的选择是巨大的！或。

The only reason to highlight anything is to draw attention to it, so you can easily pick out that ever-so-important information later for further study or reflection. One problem many students have is not knowing when to stop. If what you need to recall from the passage is a particularly apt and succinct definition of the term important to your discipline, highlighting the entire paragraph is less effective than highlighting just the actual term. And if you don’t rein in this tendency to color long passages (possibly in multiple colors) you can end up with a whole page of highlighted text. Ironically, that is no different from a page that is not highlighted at all, so you have wasted your time. Your mantra for highlighting text should be less is more. Always read your text selection first before you start highlighting anything. You need to know what the overall message is before you start placing emphasis in the text with highlighting.
突出任何东西的唯一原因是引起人们的注意，这样你以后可以很容易地挑选出那些非常重要的信息，以便进一步研究或反思。许多学生遇到的一个问题是不知道何时停止。如果你需要从这段话中回忆起对你的学科很重要的术语的特别恰当和简洁的定义，那么突出整个段落不如只强调实际的术语有效。如果你不控制这种为长段落着色（可能有多种颜色）的趋势，你最终可能会得到一整页突出显示的文本。具有讽刺意味的是，这与根本没有突出显示的页面没有什么不同，因此您浪费了时间。你突出显示文本的口头禅应该是少即是多。在开始突出显示任何内容之前，请务必先阅读您的文本选择。在开始强调文本并突出显示之前，您需要知道整体信息是什么。

Another way to annotate notes after initial note-taking is underlying significant words or passages. Albeit not quite as much fun as its colorful cousin highlighting, underlining provides precision to your emphasis.
在初始笔记后注释笔记的另一种方法是在重要的单词或段落的基础上。虽然不像其色彩缤纷的表亲突出显示那么有趣，但下划线为您的重点提供了精确性。

Some people think of annotations as only using a colored highlighter to mark certain words or phrases for emphasis. Actually, annotations can refer to anything you do with a text to enhance it for your particular use (either a printed text, handwritten notes, or other sort of document you are using to learn concepts). The annotations may include highlighting passages or vocabulary, defining those unfamiliar terms once you look them up, writing questions in the margin of a book, underlining or circling key terms, or otherwise marking a text for future reference. You can also annotate some electronic texts.
有些人认为注释只是使用彩色荧光笔来标记某些单词或短语以进行强调。实际上，注释可以指您对文本所做的任何操作，以增强其特定用途（打印文本，手写笔记或您用于学习概念的其他类型的文档）。注释可能包括突出显示段落或词汇，在查找后定义那些不熟悉的术语，在书籍的空白处写问题，为关键术语加下划线或圈出，或以其他方式标记文本以供将来参考。您还可以注释一些电子文本。

Realistically, you may end up doing all of these types of annotations at different times. We know that repetition in studying and reviewing is critical to learning, so you may come back to the same passage and annotate it separately. These various markings can be invaluable to you as a study guide and as a way to see the evolution of your learning about a topic. If you regularly begin a reading session writing down any questions you may have about the topic of that chapter or section and also write out answers to those questions at the end of the reading selection, you will have a good start to what that chapter covered when you eventually need to study for an exam. At that point, you likely will not have time to reread the entire selection especially if it is a long reading selection, but with strong annotations in conjunction with your class notes, you won’t need to do that. With experience in reading discipline-specific texts and writing essays or taking exams in that field, you will know better what sort of questions to ask in your annotations.
实际上，您最终可能会在不同的时间执行所有这些类型的注释。我们知道学习和复习的重复对学习至关重要，所以你可以回到同一篇文章并单独注释它。这些不同的标记对于您来说非常宝贵，可以作为学习指南和查看您对某个主题的学习演变的一种方式。如果您定期开始阅读会议，写下您对该章节或部分主题的任何问题，并在阅读选择结束时写下这些问题的答案，那么当您最终需要学习考试时，您将对该章涵盖的内容有一个良好的开端。此时，您可能没有时间重读整个选择，特别是如果它是一个很长的阅读选择，但是通过强注释和课堂笔记，您不需要这样做。凭借阅读特定学科文本和撰写论文或参加该领域考试的经验，您将更好地了解在注释中提出什么样的问题。

Figure 5.14 Annotations may include highlighting important topics, defining unfamiliar terms, writing questions in, underlining or circling key terms, or otherwise marking a text for future reference. Whichever approach you choose, try not to overdo it; neat, organized, and efficient notes are more effective than crowded or overdone notes.
图5.14 注释可包括突出重要主题、定义不熟悉的术语、在关键术语中写问题、下划线或圈出关键术语，或以其他方式标记文本以供将来参考。无论您选择哪种方法，都尽量不要过度使用;整洁、有条理、高效的音符比拥挤或过度的音符更有效。

Figure 5.15 While these notes may be meaningful to the person who took them, they are neither organized nor consistent. For example, note that some of the more commonly used terms, like “we” and “unfinished,” are defined, but less common ones -- “consecrate” and “hallow” -- are not.
图5.15 虽然这些笔记对记录它们的人可能有意义，但它们既没有组织也没有一致性。例如，请注意，一些更常用的术语，如“我们”和“未完成”，是定义的，但不太常见的术语 - “奉献”和“万圣节” - 不是。

What you have to keep in the front of your mind while you are annotating, especially if you are going to conduct multiple annotation sessions, is to not overdo whatever method you use. Be judicious about what you annotate and how you do it on the page, which means you must be neat about it. Otherwise, you end up with a mess of either color or symbols combined with some cryptic notes that probably took you quite a long time to create, but won’t be worth as much to you as a study aid as they could be. This is simply a waste of time and effort.
在注释时，特别是如果您要进行多次注释会话，您必须牢记在心的是不要过度使用任何方法。明智地对待你注释的内容以及如何在页面上做，这意味着你必须对它保持整洁。否则，你最终会得到一团糟的颜色或符号，再加上一些神秘的笔记，这些笔记可能花了你很长时间来创建，但对你来说并不像学习辅助那样有价值。这简直是浪费时间和精力。

You cannot eat up every smidgen of white space on the page writing out questions or summaries and still have a way to read the original text. If you are lucky enough to have a blank page next to the beginning of the chapter or section you are annotating, use this, but keep in mind that when you start writing notes, you aren’t exactly sure how much space you’ll need. Use a decipherable shorthand and write only what you need to convey the meaning in very small print. If you are annotating your own notes, you can make a habit of using only one side of the paper in class, so that if you need to add more notes later, you could use the other side. You can also add a blank page to your notes before beginning the next class date in your notebook so you’ll end up with extra paper for annotations when you study.
你不能吃掉页面上写出问题或摘要的每一点空白，但仍然有办法阅读原文。如果你足够幸运，在你正在注释的章节或部分的开头旁边有一个空白页，请使用它，但请记住，当你开始写笔记时，你并不完全确定你需要多少空间。使用可破译的速记，只写你需要的东西，用非常小的字体传达含义。如果你在批注自己的笔记，你可以养成在课堂上只使用纸张的一面的习惯，这样如果你以后需要添加更多的笔记，你可以使用另一面。您还可以在笔记本中开始下一个课程日期之前在笔记中添加空白页，这样您最终会在学习时获得额外的纸张作为注释。

Professional resources may come with annotations that can be helpful to you as you work through the various documentation requirements you’ll encounter in college as well. Purdue University’s Online Writing Lab (OWL) provides an annotated sample for how to format a college paper according to guidelines in the Modern Language Association (MLA) manual that you can see, along with other annotations.
专业资源可能会附带注释，当您完成在大学中遇到的各种文档要求时，这些注释对您有所帮助。普渡大学的在线写作实验室 （OWL） 提供了一个带注释的示例，介绍如何根据现代语言协会 （MLA） 手册中的指南格式化大学论文，您可以看到该手册以及其他注释。

Adding Needed Additional Explanations to Notes

向注释添加所需的其他说明

Marlon was totally organized and ready to take notes in a designated course notebook at the beginning of every philosophy class session. He always dated his page and indicated what the topic of discussion was. He had various colored highlighters ready to denote the different note purposes he had defined: vocabulary in pink, confusing concepts in green, and note sections that would need additional explanations later in yellow. He also used his own shorthand and an impressive array of symbols to indicate questions (red question mark), highly probable test material (he used a tiny bomb exploding here), additional reading suggestions, and specific topics he would ask his instructor before the next class. Doing everything so precisely, Marlon’s methods seemed like a perfect example of how to take notes for success. Inevitably though, by the end of the hour-and-a-half class session, Marlon was frantically switching between writing tools, near to tears, and scouring his notes as waves of yellow teased him with uncertainty. What went wrong?
马龙完全有条理，随时准备在每次哲学课开始时在指定的课程笔记本上做笔记。他总是在他的页面上注明日期，并指出讨论的主题是什么。他准备了各种彩色荧光笔来表示他定义的不同音符目的：粉红色的词汇，绿色的令人困惑的概念，以及稍后需要额外解释的黄色音符部分。他还使用自己的速记和一系列令人印象深刻的符号来指示问题（红色问号），极有可能的测试材料（他在这里使用了一枚爆炸的小炸弹），额外的阅读建议，以及他在下一堂课之前会问老师的具体主题。马龙的方法做每一件事都如此精确，似乎是如何为成功做笔记的完美例子。然而，不可避免地，在一个半小时的课程结束时，马龙在写作工具之间疯狂地切换，几乎流泪，并在一波又一波的黄色中用不确定的心情戏弄着他的笔记。出了什么问题？

As with many of us who try diligently to do everything we know how to do for success or what we think we know because we read books and articles on success in between our course work, Marlon is suffering from trying to do too much simultaneously. It’s an honest mistake we can make when we are trying to save a little time or think we can multitask and kill two birds with one stone.

Unfortunately, this particular error in judgement can add to your stress level exponentially if you don’t step back and see it for what it is. Marlon attempted to take notes in class as well as annotate his notes to get them ready for his test preparation. It was too much to do at one time, but even if he could have done all those things during class, he’s missing one critical point about note-taking.

As much as we may want to hurry and get it over with, note-taking in class is just the beginning. Your instructor likely gave you a pre-class assignment to read or complete before coming to that session. The intention of that preparatory lesson is for you to come in with some level of familiarity for the topic under consideration and questions of your own. Once you’re in class, you may also need to participate in a group discussion, work with your classmates, or perform some other sort of lesson-directed activity that would necessarily take you away from taking notes. Does that mean you should ignore taking notes for that day? Most likely not. You may just need to indicate in your notes that you worked on a project or whatever other in-class event you experienced that date.

Very rarely in a college classroom will you engage in an activity that is not directly related to what you are studying in that course. Even if you enjoyed every minute of the class session and it was an unusual format for that course, you still need to take some notes. Maybe your first note could be to ask yourself why you think the instructor used that unique teaching strategy for the class that day. Was it effective? Was it worth using the whole class time? How will that experience enhance what you are learning in that course?

If you use an ereader or ebooks to read texts for class or read articles from the Internet on your laptop or tablet, you can still take effective notes. Depending on the features of your device, you have many choices. Almost all electronic reading platforms allow readers to highlight and underline text. Some devices allow you to add a written text in addition to marking a word or passage that you can collect at the end of your note-taking session. Look into the specific tools for your device and learn how to use the features that allow you to take notes electronically. You can also find apps on devices to help with taking notes, some of which you may automatically have installed when you buy the product. Microsoft’s OneNote, Google Keep, and the Notes feature on phones are relatively easy to use, and you may already have free access to those.

Taking Notes on Non-Text Items (i.e., Tables, Maps, Figures, etc.)

You may also encounter situations as you study and read textbooks, primary sources, and other resources for your classes that are not actually texts. You can still take notes on maps, charts, graphs, images, and tables, and your approach to these non-text features is similar to when you prepare to take notes over a passage of text. For example, if you are looking at the following map, you may immediately come up with several questions. Or it may initially appear overwhelming. Start by asking yourself these questions:

What is the main point of this map?

• Who is the intended audience?
• Where is it?
• What time period does it depict?
• What does the map’s legend (the explanation of symbols) include?
• What other information do I need to make sense of this map?

Figure 5.16 Graphics, charts, graphs, and other visual items are also important to annotate. Not only do they often convey important information, but they may appear on exams or in other situations where you’ll need to use or demonstrate knowledge. Credit: “Lpankonin” / Wikipedia Commons / Attribution 3.0 Generic (CC BY 3.0)

You may want to make an extra copy of a graphic or table before you add annotations if you are dealing with a lot of information. Making sense of all the elements will take time, and you don’t want to add to the confusion.

Returning to Your Notes

Later, as soon as possible after the class, you can go back to your notes and add in missing parts. Just as you may generate questions as you’re reading new material, you may leave a class session or lecture or activities with many questions. Write those down in a place where they won’t get lost in all your other notes.

The exact timing of when you get back to the notes you take in class or while you are reading an assignment will vary depending on how many other classes you have or what other obligations you have in your daily schedule. A good starting place that is also easy to remember is to make every effort to review your notes within 24 hours of first taking them. Longer than that and you are likely to have forgotten some key features you need to include; must less time than that, and you may not think you need to review the information you so recently wrote down, and you may postpone the task too long.

Use your phone or computer to set reminders for all your note review sessions so that it becomes a habit and you keep on top of the schedule.

Your personal notes play a significant role in your test preparation. They should enhance how you understand the lessons, textbooks, lab sessions, and assignments. All the time and effort you put into first taking the notes and then annotating and organizing the notes will be for naught if you do not formulate an effective and efficient way to use them before sectional exams or comprehensive tests.

The whole cycle of reading, note-taking in class, reviewing and enhancing your notes, and preparing for exams is part of a continuum you ideally will carry into your professional life. Don’t try to take short cuts; recognize each step in the cycle as a building block. Learning doesn’t end, which shouldn’t fill you with dread; it should help you recognize that all this work you’re doing in the classroom and during your own study and review sessions is ongoing and cumulative. Practicing effective strategies now will help you be a stronger professional.

Activity

What resources can you find about reading and note-taking that will actually help you with these crucial skills? How do you go about deciding what resources are valuable for improving your reading and note-taking skills?

The selection and relative value of study guides and books about note-taking vary dramatically. Ask your instructors for recommendations and see what the library has available on this topic. The following list is not comprehensive, but will give you a starting point for books and articles on note-taking in college.

• College Rules!: How to Study, Survive, and Succeed in College, by Sherri Nist-Olejnik and Jodi Patrick Holschuh. More than just note-taking, this book covers many aspects of transitioning into the rigors of college life and studying.
• Effective Note-taking, by Fiona McPherson. This small volume has suggestions for using your limited time wisely before, during, and after note-taking sessions.
• How to Study in College, by Walter Pauk. This is the book that introduced Pauk’s note-taking suggestions we now call the Cornell Method. It is a bit dated (from the 1940s), but still contains some valuable information.
• Learn to Listen, Listen to Learn 2: Academic Listening and Note-taking, by Roni S. Lebauer. The main point of this book is to help students get the most from college lectures by watching for clues to lecture organization and adapting this information into strong notes.
• Study Skills: Do I Really Need this Stuff?, by Steve Piscitelli. Written in a consistently down-to-earth manner, this book will help you with the foundations of strong study skills, including time management, effective note-taking, and seeing the big picture.
• “What Reading Does for the Mind,” by Anne Cunningham and Keith Stanovich, 1998, https://www.aft.org/sites/default/files/periodicals/cunningham.pdf
• Adler, Mortimer J. and Charles Van Doren. How to Read a Book: The Classic Guide to Intelligent Reading. NY: Simon & Schuster, 1940.
• Berns, Gregory S., Kristina Blaine, Michael J. Prietula, and Brandon E. Pye. Brain Connectivity. Dec 2013.ahead of print http://doi.org/10.1089/brain.2013.0166